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Japanese Volitional Form: 〜よう / 〜ましょう

The volitional form expresses volition — "let's do X", "I intend to do X", or invitations to act together. It is one of the first forms taught at N5 and appears constantly in daily conversation.

Forming the volitional

Group 2 (る-verbs): drop る, add よう. Group 1 (う-verbs): change the final /u/ sound to /ou/. Irregulars: する → しよう, くる → こよう. Polite form: replace ます with ましょう.

食べる → 食べようたべる → たべようeat → let's eat / I'll eat
行く → 行こういく → いこうgo → let's go / I'll go
飲む → 飲もうのむ → のもうdrink → let's drink / I'll drink

Invitation: 〜ましょう and 〜ませんか

〜ましょう is a polite invitation ("let's"). 〜ませんか is a softer suggestion ("won't you…?") — more polite when inviting someone.

一緒に食べましょう。いっしょにたべましょう。Let's eat together.
コーヒーでも飲みませんか?コーヒーでものみませんか?Shall we get a coffee or something?

〜(よ)うとする — attempting or about to

Volitional + とする means "to try to do" or "to be on the verge of doing". It implies the action hasn't happened yet.

彼女は泣こうとしていた。かのじょはなこうとしていた。She was trying not to cry (or on the verge of crying).
出かけようとしたら電話が鳴った。でかけようとしたらでんわがなった。Just as I was about to go out, the phone rang.

〜(よ)うと思う — personal intention

〜よう / 〜おうと思う expresses a personal intention that has just formed. It is softer than 〜つもり (settled plan).

日本語を勉強しようと思っている。にほんごをべんきょうしようとおもっている。I'm thinking of studying Japanese.
来年、日本へ行こうと思っています。らいねん、にほんへいこうとおもっています。I'm thinking of going to Japan next year.

Common mistakes

Wrong

行きましょうか to a superior

Right

Use 参りましょうか or softer phrasing with superiors

〜ましょう implies joint action with equal footing. With a superior, use 参る (humble) or ask with 〜ましょうか less directly.

Wrong

食べようとした = "I tried the food"

Right

食べようとした = "I tried/attempted to eat" (implying difficulty or interruption)

〜ようとする is about attempting an action, not evaluating it. 食べてみた = "I tried eating it."

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Frequently asked questions

What is the difference between 〜ましょう and 〜ませんか?

〜ましょう is a direct invitation: "Let's do X." 〜ませんか is softer: "Would you like to / Shall we?" 〜ませんか is considered more polite when inviting someone else, as it gives them room to decline.

How is 〜ようと思う different from 〜つもり?

〜ようと思う expresses a fresh or tentative intention ("I'm thinking of…"). 〜つもり is a firm, settled plan ("I intend to / I plan to"). Use 〜つもり when you've already decided.

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